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Athena

2009-11-23T23:34:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:34, November 23, 2009
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-	'''Athena''' is the goddess of war and wisdom.<ref>(Hamilton 1998, p. 29)</ref> She is the daughter of [[Zeus]] alone,<ref>(Hamilton 1998, p. 29)</ref> and was his favourite daughter. She is also known as the goddess of weaving and other crafts. She is a warrior goddess who favoured and helped many mythical heroes, such as Achilles, Odysseus and Jason, and was the patron goddess of Athens and Sparta. To win the patronage of Athens, she engaged in a contest with [[Poseidon]], and as a result, created the first olive tree. Athena was a virgin goddess without a consort.	+	Athena is the goddess of war and wisdom. She is the daughter of [[Zeus]] and his first wife, {{Metis}}, and was his favourite daughter. She is also known as the goddess of weaving and other crafts. She is a warrior goddess who favoured and helped many mythical heroes, such as Achilles, Odysseus and Jason, and was the patron goddess of Athens and Sparta. To win the patronage of Athens, she engaged in a contest with [[Poseidon]], and as a result, created the first olive tree. Athena was a virgin goddess without a consort (yay go her).

	== See Also ==		== See Also ==

Hera

2009-11-23T23:29:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:29, November 23, 2009
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-	'''Hera''' is the goddess of women and marriage.<ref>(Hamilton 1998, p. 26)</ref> She is both the sister and wife of [[Zeus]], and therefore the queen of the gods.<ref>(Hamilton 1998, p. 26)</ref>	+	'''Hera''' is the goddess of women and marriage. She is both the sister and wife of [[Zeus]], and therefore the queen of the gods. She is very jealous of Zeus's other wives and the children that he had without her, especially {{Hercules}}. But Hera is loyal if you help her. SHe is a very proud goddess, but she will do anything to get her way. SHe is the goddess of marriage.

	==In Mythology==		==In Mythology==

User talk:96.245.181.19

2009-11-23T23:26:20Z

welcoming new contributor

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==Welcome==
Hi, welcome to Mythology Wiki. Thanks for your edit to the [[:Irene]] page.

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Irene

2009-11-23T23:26:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:26, November 23, 2009
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-	{{stub}}	+	Irene is the goddess of Peace
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	== In Myth ==		== In Myth ==

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	== References ==		== References ==
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	[[Category:Greek goddesses]]		[[Category:Greek goddesses]]

Mithras

2009-11-23T12:43:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:43, November 23, 2009
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	[[File:Mithras10.jpg\|thumb]]		[[File:Mithras10.jpg\|thumb]]
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-	'''Mithras''' was the central figure of a [[syncretism\|syncretic]] Roman [[mystery religion]] that is attested between the 1st-4th centuries. It may have developed a century or two earlier, but had almost certainly died out by the 5th century.
-
-
-	The name ''Mithras'' is the Greek nominative form of [[Mithra]], the Zoroastrian ''[[yazata]]'' that serves as mediator between [[Ahura Mazda]] and the earth, the guarantor of human contracts. However, in practice the Roman religion - i.e. the cult of Mithra'''s''' - had very little to do with Zoroastrianism, and it was primarily the association with Zoroaster (who was romanticized by the Greeks and Romans) that provoked the Romans to suppose that the cult they followed had actually been founded by the prehistoric prophet.


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-	The mythology surrounding Mithras is not easily reassembled from the enigmatic and complicated [[iconography]]. Indeed, the dedicatory inscription on a 2nd-3rd century [[tauroctony]] discovered in a Mithraeum at Ostia in the 1790s refers to the "incomprehensible deity": <small>INDEPREHENSIVILIS DEI</small> [http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/fagan/fagan.htm]. Apparently the cult of Mithras did not depend, as Christianity did, on the interpretation of revealed texts considered to be divinely inspired, and the textual references are those of Christians, who mention Mithras to deplore him, and [[neo-Platonism\|neo-Platonists]] who interpreted Mithraic symbols within their own world-schemes.<ref>Franz Cumont, ''Textes et mounuments figurés rélatifs aux mystères de Mithra'' vol. II (Brussels) 1896.</ref>	+	Apparently the cult of Mithras did not depend, as Christianity did, on the interpretation of revealed texts considered to be divinely inspired, and the textual references are those of Christians, who mention Mithras to deplore him, and [[neo-Platonism\|neo-Platonists]] who interpreted Mithraic symbols within their own world-schemes.<ref>Franz Cumont, ''Textes et mounuments figurés rélatifs aux mystères de Mithra'' vol. II (Brussels) 1896.</ref>

	However, we do have a number of dedications from followers of Mithras (mainly addressed to invictus, unconquerable, Mithras), mainly from [[Roman Britain]], the Rhine and Danube area and [[Italy]]. These suggest that a large number of his worshippers were low-ranking soldiers (there are very few examples of offerings from higher-ranking soldiers and those may have just been to encourage their men) and [[slaves]], perhaps because a religion with a strict but straight-forward hierarchy allowed them the power they lacked in their everyday lives. Later in the third century Mithraic practices filtered through to the upper classes and it was even used as a mid-ground argument against [[Christianity]].		However, we do have a number of dedications from followers of Mithras (mainly addressed to invictus, unconquerable, Mithras), mainly from [[Roman Britain]], the Rhine and Danube area and [[Italy]]. These suggest that a large number of his worshippers were low-ranking soldiers (there are very few examples of offerings from higher-ranking soldiers and those may have just been to encourage their men) and [[slaves]], perhaps because a religion with a strict but straight-forward hierarchy allowed them the power they lacked in their everyday lives. Later in the third century Mithraic practices filtered through to the upper classes and it was even used as a mid-ground argument against [[Christianity]].
-


-	Some Mithraic myths and symbolism was an adaptation of the beliefs the early Christian Church<ref>Wright L.M.'Christianity, Astrology And Myth', (2002),Oak Hill Free Press, USA. ISBN: 0- 9518796-1-8</ref> but this needs to be considered in the context that most, if not all religions influenced each other in some way. The only exception being Judaism (which eventually led to Christianity; after the death of Christ). Of all religions in practice today, Judaism is by far the oldest.	+
		+	Some Mithraic myths and symbolism was an adaptation of the beliefs the early Christian Church<ref>Wright L.M.'Christianity, Astrology And Myth', (2002),Oak Hill Free Press, USA. ISBN: 0- 9518796-1-8</ref> but this needs to be considered in the context that most, if not all religions influenced each other in some way. The only exception being Judaism (which eventually led to Christianity; after the death of Christ). Of all religions in practice today, Judaism is by far the oldest.

	==Notes==		==Notes==
-		+
	<references />		<references />

User talk:74.92.5.61

2009-11-23T12:42:04Z

welcoming new contributor

New page

==Welcome==
Hi, welcome to Mythology Wiki. Thanks for your edit to the [[:Mithras]] page.

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Mithras

2009-11-23T12:41:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:41, November 23, 2009
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	[[File:Mithras10.jpg\|thumb]]		[[File:Mithras10.jpg\|thumb]]
-	'''Mithras''' was the central figure of a [[syncretism\|syncretic]] Roman [[mystery religion]] that is attested between the 1st-4th centuries. It may have developed a century or two earlier, but had almost certainly died out by the 5th century.	+
		+	'''Mithras''' was the central figure of a [[syncretism\|syncretic]] Roman [[mystery religion]] that is attested between the 1st-4th centuries. It may have developed a century or two earlier, but had almost certainly died out by the 5th century.

-	The name ''Mithras'' is the Greek nominative form of [[Mithra]], the Zoroastrian ''[[yazata]]'' that serves as mediator between [[Ahura Mazda]] and the earth, the guarantor of human contracts. However, in practice the Roman religion - i.e. the cult of Mithra'''s''' - had very little to do with Zoroastrianism, and it was primarily the association with Zoroaster (who was romanticized by the Greeks and Romans) that provoked the Romans to suppose that the cult they followed had actually been founded by the prehistoric prophet.

-	It is nonetheless likely that some of the attributes of Roman Mithras were absorbed from other Eastern cults: for example, the Mithraic emphasis on astrology strongly suggests [[syncretism]] with star-oriented [[Mesopotamian]] or [[Anatolia]]n religions. At least some of this synthesis of beliefs may have already been underway by the time the cult was adopted in the West. When the cult was introduced by Roman legions at [[Dura-Europos]] after 168 AD, the god assumed his familiar [[Hellenistic]] iconic formula.	+	The name ''Mithras'' is the Greek nominative form of [[Mithra]], the Zoroastrian ''[[yazata]]'' that serves as mediator between [[Ahura Mazda]] and the earth, the guarantor of human contracts. However, in practice the Roman religion - i.e. the cult of Mithra'''s''' - had very little to do with Zoroastrianism, and it was primarily the association with Zoroaster (who was romanticized by the Greeks and Romans) that provoked the Romans to suppose that the cult they followed had actually been founded by the prehistoric prophet.
		+
		+
		+	It is nonetheless likely that some of the attributes of Roman Mithras were absorbed from other Eastern cults: for example, the Mithraic emphasis on astrology strongly suggests [[syncretism]] with star-oriented [[Mesopotamian]] or [[Anatolia]]n religions. At least some of this synthesis of beliefs may have already been underway by the time the cult was adopted in the West. When the cult was introduced by Roman legions at [[Dura-Europos]] after 168 AD, the god assumed his familiar [[Hellenistic]] iconic formula.
		+

	The mythology surrounding Mithras is not easily reassembled from the enigmatic and complicated [[iconography]]. Indeed, the dedicatory inscription on a 2nd-3rd century [[tauroctony]] discovered in a Mithraeum at Ostia in the 1790s refers to the "incomprehensible deity": <small>INDEPREHENSIVILIS DEI</small> [http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/fagan/fagan.htm]. Apparently the cult of Mithras did not depend, as Christianity did, on the interpretation of revealed texts considered to be divinely inspired, and the textual references are those of Christians, who mention Mithras to deplore him, and [[neo-Platonism\|neo-Platonists]] who interpreted Mithraic symbols within their own world-schemes.<ref>Franz Cumont, ''Textes et mounuments figurés rélatifs aux mystères de Mithra'' vol. II (Brussels) 1896.</ref>		The mythology surrounding Mithras is not easily reassembled from the enigmatic and complicated [[iconography]]. Indeed, the dedicatory inscription on a 2nd-3rd century [[tauroctony]] discovered in a Mithraeum at Ostia in the 1790s refers to the "incomprehensible deity": <small>INDEPREHENSIVILIS DEI</small> [http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/fagan/fagan.htm]. Apparently the cult of Mithras did not depend, as Christianity did, on the interpretation of revealed texts considered to be divinely inspired, and the textual references are those of Christians, who mention Mithras to deplore him, and [[neo-Platonism\|neo-Platonists]] who interpreted Mithraic symbols within their own world-schemes.<ref>Franz Cumont, ''Textes et mounuments figurés rélatifs aux mystères de Mithra'' vol. II (Brussels) 1896.</ref>

-	However, we do have a number of dedications from followers of Mithras (mainly addressed to invictus, unconquerable, Mithras), mainly from [[Roman Britain]], the Rhine and Danube area and [[Italy]]. These suggest that a large number of his worshippers were low-ranking soldiers (there are very few examples of offerings from higher-ranking soldiers and those may have just been to encourage their men) and [[slaves]], perhaps because a religion with a strict but straight-forward hierarchy allowed them the power they lacked in their everyday lives. Later in the third century Mithraic practices filtered through to the upper classes and it was even used as a mid-ground argument against [[Christianity]].	+	However, we do have a number of dedications from followers of Mithras (mainly addressed to invictus, unconquerable, Mithras), mainly from [[Roman Britain]], the Rhine and Danube area and [[Italy]]. These suggest that a large number of his worshippers were low-ranking soldiers (there are very few examples of offerings from higher-ranking soldiers and those may have just been to encourage their men) and [[slaves]], perhaps because a religion with a strict but straight-forward hierarchy allowed them the power they lacked in their everyday lives. Later in the third century Mithraic practices filtered through to the upper classes and it was even used as a mid-ground argument against [[Christianity]].
		+
		+
		+
		+	Some Mithraic myths and symbolism was an adaptation of the beliefs the early Christian Church<ref>Wright L.M.'Christianity, Astrology And Myth', (2002),Oak Hill Free Press, USA. ISBN: 0- 9518796-1-8</ref> but this needs to be considered in the context that most, if not all religions influenced each other in some way. The only exception being Judaism (which eventually led to Christianity; after the death of Christ). Of all religions in practice today, Judaism is by far the oldest.

-	Some Mithraic myths and symbolism was an adaptation of the beliefs the early Christian Church<ref>Wright L.M.'Christianity, Astrology And Myth', (2002),Oak Hill Free Press, USA. ISBN: 0- 9518796-1-8</ref> but this needs to be considered in the context that most, if not all religions influenced each other in some way. The only exception being Judaism (which eventually led to Christianity; after the death of Christ). Of all religions in practice today, Judaism is by far the oldest.
	==Notes==		==Notes==
-	<references />	+
-	* Richard Gordon, "Image and Value in the Graeco-Roman World, studies in Mithraism and religious art", (contains some seminal essays)	+	<references />
-	*David Ulansey, [http://www.well.com/user/davidu/mithras.html "The Cosmic Mysteries of Mithras"]	+
-	* David Ulansey, ''The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World''. Oxford University Press 1991. ISBN 0-19-506788-6.	+	* Richard Gordon, "Image and Value in the Graeco-Roman World, studies in Mithraism and religious art", (contains some seminal essays)
		+
		+	*David Ulansey, [http://www.well.com/user/davidu/mithras.html "The Cosmic Mysteries of Mithras"]
		+
		+	* David Ulansey, ''The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World''. Oxford University Press 1991. ISBN 0-19-506788-6.
		+
	*Vermaseren, M.J. ''Mithras the Secret God'' 1963.		*Vermaseren, M.J. ''Mithras the Secret God'' 1963.
	[[Category:Roman gods]]		[[Category:Roman gods]]

User talk:173.3.247.207

2009-11-21T21:14:05Z

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2009-11-21T21:13:15Z

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